The Psychosocial Theory Of Life Span Development - 2486 Words

Developmental Analysis Melissa Snyder Liberty University Abstract Life span development, and ultimately who we are and become as a person, is influenced by many different things that include biologic, cognitive, and socio-emotional factors. These different areas of development can be positively or negatively affected by environmental factors and stressors. If those negative environmental factors are not dealt with by the time a person reaches adulthood, there is a likelihood that the person will develop dysfunctional personalities and struggle to maintain healthy relationships. According to Eric Erickson, those positive and negative environmental factors influence the individual s development differently when it is experienced during a particular stage of development. Erickson s psychosocial theory of development asserts that there are eight stages of development that each person passes through over the course of their life. Each stage has a specific goal that can be attained by resolving particular conflicts. This conflict resolution will r esult in a healthy, well balanced individual. This paper will look at each stage of Erickson s psychosocial theory of life span development and how it applies to my own development. Erik Erikson s theory of psychosocial development was greatly influenced by Freud and his psychoanalytic theory. Both Freud and Erikson believed that the life span included distinct stages thatShow MoreRelatedEarly Childhood Psychosocial Development Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pageshuman throughout the life span. The development starts from infant until old age. Childhood is a time of tremendous change, but people also continue to grow slowly and develop during adulthood. It is a continuous process with a predictable sequence. These developmental changes may be influenced by genetic factor, environment factor and maturation factor. There are three types of human development changes: physical development, cognitive development and psychosocial development. Our group member’sRead MoreErik Erikson : Psychosocial Development1103 Words   |  5 PagesErik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages of Development â€Å"Erik Erikson was best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked and important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood events, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan† (Cherry). This paper will discuss Erikson’s childhood and the influence it had on his work. AlsoRead MoreLifespan Perspectives1061 Words   |  5 Pagesof life span development. Each one began to walk at approximately age one, began to talk sentences at about age four, as young children they played with toys while imagination worked wonders, and as young adults they would pack these toys up because they were no longer needed. As life goes on every human will experience almost the same developmental patterns from conception until death (Guest, 2011). Life-span perspective is the perspective that human development lasts all though out life. ItRead MoreEssay on Theories help explain drunk driving1206 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Theories Help Explain Drunk Driving Taylor Fortà © February 5, 2014 HDFS 2400 University of Missouri Fall 2013 ID: 333795 and Keycode: 2476 Theories Help Explain Drunk Driving Driving while intoxicated persists to be a major problem amongst teenage drivers. Although there are many precautions taken in order to prevent this type of activity, whether by the school, media or parents’, teens proceed to place themselves into these very high risk situations.Read MoreDevelopmental Theories of the Movie Precious Essays758 Words   |  4 PagesDevelopmental Theories in The Notebook Brianna Gallegos University of New Mexico N224 Developmental Theories in The Notebook The Notebook demonstrates the growth and development theories including biosocial, psychosocial, and cognitive. The Notebook is a movie about a young couple who falls in love. The woman, Allie, is from a wealthy family who is discouraged when she has fallen in love with a young man, Noah, who only makes .40 cents an hour (Cassavetes, 2004). The story is told throughRead MoreDevelopmental Theories Essay816 Words   |  4 PagesReaction Paper Number One Theories of Development There are many types of developmental theories. First being the Psychoanalytic Theory, and the Cognitive Theory. Within these two types of theories there are several psychologists that have their own theory of development. After exploring these different theories I will then share my opinion on which theory I believe to be more accurate. By definition the Psychoanalytic Theory describes development as a primarily unconscious and heavily coloredRead MoreEriksons Psychosocial Theory of Development: Young Adults Essay1494 Words   |  6 PagesEriksons Psychosocial Theory of Development: Young Adults The young adult has numerous stresses placed upon them through the route of development. Erikson has theorised developmental stages of growth into tasks. Of Eriksons theoretical tasks, one task describes the theory of intimacy versus isolation. This task theory can be examined using the normative crisis model. The knowledge of developmental tasks of the young adult can be beneficial to the nurse especially associated with their abilityRead MoreEvolutionary, Cognitive, And Psychodynamic947 Words   |  4 Pages Lifespan development is a scientific approach to questions about growth, change, and stability in physical, cognitive, social, and personality characteristics at all ages from conception to death (Feldman, 2014 Seventh Edition). In reading the chapter I found three theories very interesting evolutionary, cognitive, and psychodynamic. The reason I find evolutionary perspective because I feel as though this perspective or theory is the base of study. When we are born we have genetic make-up for twoRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory On Child Development1388 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory on Child Development Erik Erikson, a well known developmental theorist, developed his theory about stages of human development from birth to death by using Freud s work as a starting point. According to Erikson, personality develops in a series of stages. Erikson found out that children experience conflicts which affect their development. He described the internal conflict which children go through in developmental stages using the term ‘crisis’ and are based onRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development803 Words   |  4 PagesIn the early 19th Century, little attention was given to children development. Emphasis were based upon what a child would become as they get older( Green 2013)However, it was investigated by human developmental psychologist that Child development is relevant in relation to how individuals relate in the environment as well as the factors that influence human development. These psychologists developed the human developmental life span which is predominant in the society today, although remains unsubstantiated

A New Thought To Education . Education Has Always Been

A NEW THOUGHT TO EDUCATION Education has always been a major topic in our society, and as of late, the new idea of flipped learning has been announced. Flipped learning can be best described as an instructional strategy and a type of blended learning that reverses the traditional learning environment by delivering instructional content, often online, outside of the classroom. It moves activities, including those that may have traditionally been considered homework, into the classroom. In a flipped classroom, students watch online lectures, collaborate in online discussions, or carry out research at home and engage in concepts in the classroom with the guidance of a mentor.Some examples would be to watch a Khan Academy video and to take a†¦show more content†¦Teachers will also have to spend more time tracking their student’s progress on top of grading and that involves too much time when lesson plans, grades, and emails need tending to. The job would be nearly impossible with one teacher. If fl ipped learning is pursued then the traditional teachers may resist because that style is not what they were taught to do nor would they have to believe in the style. This would lead to the teacher not trying, and in turn would hurt the student. Training is also involved with this style of learning, and yes that will help, but most teachers will have no clue what they are doing for awhile which will confuse the students, and the teachers will be frustrated. So far, the problems listed above do not even compare to what the students will endure. THE EFFECT ON STUDENTS The students are almost an afterthought in this process because there are so many cons such as The student may skip on the videos work, the student will not accountable, the student, May not have wifi at home, too much time on computer, The student cannot focus at home, no peer interaction, inability to learn from peers in group activities, and the student will do the bare minimum to pass a class. With all of those cons listed, it is a wonder how this idea has even picked up. When I say that the student may skip videos, I mean that they will. When most kids are assignedShow MoreRelated Gender Segregation in Education Essay1159 Words   |  5 PagesGender Segregation in Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people think only of African Americans when the phrase segregation in education is spoken, but how often do we think of women? Women have gone through tremendous struggles to receive the same rights as men to an equal education. The following pages will explain many aspects of the history of the women’s struggles for desegregation, accomplishes made for desegregation, and the affects of sex or gender segregation still present in today’s educational systemRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglas, By Fredrick Douglas1601 Words   |  7 PagesFredrick slowly grows with each piece of new material he can acquire, it becomes more evident that Fredrick has also consecutively began to become depressed. Though gifted with the ability to read and even write, later on his life, he now possessed enough knowledge to understand the severity of his situation. He was a man trapped with no way to escape. This began to wear on Fredrick and pushed him into the dark depths of depression, even leading to thoughts of suicide. However, through faith and willRead MoreA Small Place By Jamaica Kincaid1266 Words   |  6 Pagesproduct of colonialism. Most western education does not teach the full context of colonialism. The extension of students’ knowledge is the Berlin conference of 1884, which divided African territory between Europeans and US leaders without the inclusion of Africans. The education in the West does not delve into the impact of the conference after colonialism. There is never a mention about the lack of identity throughout the region, the lackluster of education, or the social and government corruptionRead MoreMy Future Career And An Asl Interpreter893 Words   |  4 Pagesprogram taught and showed me many different areas of Interpreting, but that never changed my mindset. I always knew where I wanted to end up and that was the Education field. My personal life has prepared me to work with kids, so I feel it was more easie r to choose what setting I wanted to Interpret in. The Education setting is most interesting to me because not only do I personally love kids but Education is very important to me, I feel like it’s more than to Interpret what’s going on in the classroomRead MoreWhy Is Love So Complicated?1212 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Background Essay Nobody can go back and start a new beginning, but anyone can start today and make a new ending.--Maria Robinson. Scholars believe that the Renaissance was the â€Å"rebirth† of a new time period due to the Black Plague that killed more than half of Eastern European population. Many individuals saw it as a new page of life. During this era there were many inventions created like the pocket watch, telescope, art and education. Famous writers like William Shakespeare, Sir Walter RaleighRead MoreMalala Yousafzai Speech Analysis934 Words   |  4 PagesEducation is something that everyone should strive for and needs to have. Whether you’re young and dumb, or old and think you know it all, there is always something new to learn. Education is always going to be around, no matter what. That is why it is so important that everyone around the world has access to it. In Malala Yousafzai’s Nobel Peace Prize Lecture, the author, Malala Yousafzai, stresses the importance of education and how it isn’t something to take for granted. In this reading repetitionRead More`` Strange Creatures `` By Susan Blackmore990 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals to explore and experience new inventions through a way of imitating. In â€Å" Strange Creatures,† Susan Blackmore promotes the theory that a little conscious â€Å"me† is created by the memes so as to replicate. She discusses memes as replicators that can help to control human thoughts, behaviors and believes everything can be passed from person to person. Memes allow people to fit in and imitate others to what society has offered; howerver, American education encourages unique individual learningRead MoreStudent Services : The Senior Vp Of Enrollment Management, And The Director Of Financial Aid897 Words   |  4 Pagestrends/issues in your area; changes since you entered the pr ofession, and challenges. All three participates are male who have been a part of higher education for 20+ years. Two hold Masters’ Degree and one holds a Ph.D. They all currently service as leaders in Student Services. Additional research was obtained through review of several journals related to technology in higher education. The interviews where informal and the conversation was casual yet very informative. Current trends/issues, challengesRead MoreAfrican Americans And Its Impact On Society1589 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans have been through so much since being uprooted from their home in Africa. Most people do not understand what happened to African Americans and they understand what they had to go through to be where they are today. It went from being kings in the comfort of their home to being thrown on a boat packed like sardines to be forced to work in the fields. The trip was a massacre itself because many did not make it due to the treatment from others. African Americans have always been treated likeRead MoreSexual Education. Sexual Education Has Always Been An Extremely1613 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Education Sexual education has always been an extremely heated topic among parents, teachers, lawmakers, and everyone in between. It has led to several court cases, new rules and laws, and different and very creative ways of teaching sexual intercourse and the potential repercussions to preteens and teens. Most students probably started talking about sex on the playground or while they were hanging out with friends well before they should have been speaking about it. In today’s society, sex

Using the Law to Protect the Environment Free Essays

Introduction When defining the environment, Dimento (2003) states that it comprises of both natural and anthropogenic elements that are not only mutually interrelated, but has an impact on the ecological balance, life, human health, historical and cultural heritage and the landscape. From this definition, the environment comprises of three main things, the natural resources, the fauna and flora, and the properties which form part of the cultural heritage (Shelton Kiss 2005). The misuse of environmental resources and pollution worldwide has prompted commitment from governments and major stakeholders to put in place measures to protect the environment, and, consequently, environmental laws are being enacted in an effort to protect the environment (Dimento 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on Using the Law to Protect the Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The environmental resources cannot be rejuvenated once depleted; neither can it protect itself from misuse and pollution. Therefore, only the law can be used to protect the environment. Putting in place laws in charge of the environment will speak loudly about how the environment can be used sustainably as well as give prior warnings to those who may intend to misuse or pollute the environment. Laws usually give directions and consequences of going against such directions. Environment has its own rights and any violator of such rights will only be answerable to the law. According to UNEP, environmental law looks at the features of the protection programs which have been put in place to safeguard specific aspects of the environment and natural resources, such as water, air, waste and endangered species. It is also the reference point for judges presiding over environment related cases (Thirlway 2003). Before 1960, the environmental law did not exist as independently as other domestic or international legal issues (Shelton, Kiss Kanami 2003). However, international laws in place currently to help tackle the scientific issues which affect the environment, such as uncertainty issues, sustainable development, issues of diversity and settings issues of individuals and the society, and economics aspects of the environment (Fitzmaurice 2003). These laws seek to control the use of resources in a sustainable manner and to eradicate contamination of the environment through pollution and similar human practices. These laws, therefore, protects against loss of biodiversity, loss of fertility, desertification and famine, depletion of fishing resources, increase of cancers due to depletion of the ozone layer and damage of future generations (Zaelke, Kaniaru Kruzikova 2005). According to the United Nations (2003), sources of environmental laws can be classified into two categories: the National laws and the International laws. The basis of the legal mechanisms of the environmental law include prohibition and restriction of activities such as pollution, product and process standards, prior informed consent, environmental impact assessment, and land use regulation (Zaelke, Kaniaru Kruzikova 2005). Generally, these laws are formulated in such a way that they are preventive, that is, they prevent damage of the environment such that the use of some resources from the environment must be approved through rigorous exercises of environmental impact assessment and other similar regulations. This, in a broader perspective, helps in protecting the en vironment. Sanctions and penalties have also been put in place for those who fail to comply and this also helps in protecting the environment (Stanley, Johnson Gunther 1993). References. Dimento, J., (2003)., The Global Environment and International Law, .University Of Texas Press. Fitzmaurice, M., (2003)., The Practical Working of the Law of Treaties, In International law, Oxford University Press. Tarlock, D., History of Environmental law. Environmental law and their enforcement, Vol 1, Thirlway, H., (2003)., The Sources of International Law, In International Law, Oxford University Press. (272) Shelton and Kiss., (2005)., Judicial handbook on Environmental law, UNEP, Hertfordsire, Shelton, Kiss and Kanami., (2003)., Economic Globalization and Compliance with International Environmental Agreements. New York:, Kluwer Law International, New York. Stanley, Johnson and Gunther., (1993)., Managing Fragile Ecosystems: Combating Desertification and Drought, The Earth Summit: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) n.d United Nations., (2003),. Handbook of Final Clauses of Multilateral Treaties, http://untreaty.un.org/English/TreatyHandbook/hbframeset.htm United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Policy Development and Law (â€Å"Unep/Dpdl†) http://www.unep.org/DPDL/law/ Zaelke, Kaniaru and Kruzikova,. (2005),. Making Law Work, Environmental Compliance and Sustainable Development.,Cameroon. How to cite Using the Law to Protect the Environment, Essay examples

The Things They Carried by Tim O Brian free essay sample

In Module one we answered several questions about particular chapters but one of the chapters that probably hit me the hardest was â€Å"How to Tell A True War Story† (O’Brien, 74-76). In this portion of the story Rat Kiley and Kurt Lemon are two friends who were playing catch in the hopes to get some quick smiles and laughs in the middle of all this turmoil called Vietnam. Curt wasn’t paying attention to where he was walking and he stepped on a booby-trapped 105 round. He was dead instantly. In Rat Kiley’s anger he picked this harmless animal to mutilate senselessly.It was a senseless act because slaughtering this buffalo wasn’t going to bring back his friend. â€Å"A true war story, if truly told, makes the stomach believe†. It did just that reading the detailed account of how Rat shot this animal piece by piece in his anger. We will write a custom essay sample on The Things They Carried by Tim O Brian or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He didn’t shoot it in the heart so that it would die instantly he took his time and that’s what made it so true and gruesome. How we as humans can seem too strong and tough but when we love we love hard and all rational goes out the window.We also discussed in module one about â€Å"On The Rainy River† (O’Brien 37-58). How Tim had to make a decision on whether or not he was going to serve in this war because he received a draft notice. During the 1960’s a draft meant you had no choice you were mandated to participate whether you wanted to or not. He wanted to go to Canada to hide our assignment was to decide whether or not we would have done the same. Everyone fears the unknown it is a natural occurrence but it happen even more so when you know the unknown might cost you your life.It is already known that â€Å"War is hell† (O’Brien, 74). But now he had to decide between his family and his country or his life. The chances of him returning home in one piece were slim. â€Å"All of us, I suppose, like to believe that in a moral emergency we will behave like the heroes of our youth, bravely, forthrightly, without thought of personal loss or discredit† (O’Brien, 37). But reality is no one wants to die especially when you don’t believe in the cause. The end result, the true reason I believe he decided to go was because of his fear. The fear he had to fail his family and friends that would feel the shame because of his actions. It was the fear of the consequences for not going. He called himself a coward because he didn’t flee. I was under the impression we was brave because he was able to face death in order to please his family and friends. That’s when I realized that this book told a story of how someone felt how they look at the world through their own eyes.It made me realize that everyone’s philosophy could be completely different depending on how we perceive the world. My cousin and I come from the same neighborhood, the same schools, the same culture but I always seek knowledge out and she wishes for nothing more than food, music and television to entertain her days. She finds humor in other people’s failures and critiques people harshly but doesn’t look at her own mistakes. She will find excuses for her failures by passing the blame on others.I wonder why did we come out so different when we come from the same place and our parents are very similar. But in some ways I find her courageous because she behaves this way in public and in private she doesn’t pretend to be something she is not and she is proud of herself no matter what anyone thinks. I think Tim would say my cousin is brave because she was able to do what she wanted to do regardless of what others think. I think if cousin would have been placed in that position she would have went to Canada.

Movie Review and Critique The Curious Case of Benjamin Button

The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, which was released in the U.S. in 2008, is a film whose screenplay is loosely adapted from the 1920s story by F. Scott Fitzgerald having the same name. David Fincher directs the fantasy, drama, and romance movie while Eric Roth and Robin Swicord take charge of the screenplay.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Movie Review and Critique: The Curious Case of Benjamin Button specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The film stirs Benjamin Button (Brad Pitt, apparent adult) as a man who is born with the look and physical maladies of a very old man and to the disappointment of everyone as he ages backwards (Scott, para. 3; Ebert, para. 1). This is the major conflict in the movie. The movie, starting nicely with greatly marinated food for thought and shifting towards an emotional ending that is as light as a feather, tells the story of Benjamin who is born just after the end of the Second World War in 1918 and lives well into the 21st century. Benjamin’s time traveler story, set in New Orleans, is about the individuals and locations he comes across as he moves, the loves he misplaces and discovers, the pleasure of life and the sorrow of decease, and what endures beyond time. The visually and emotionally rich film tells the life of Benjamin through his diary read to an old woman named Daisy (Cate Blanchett, adult) by her daughter, Caroline (Julia Ormond). The â€Å"curious case† in Benjamin’s life is that he is born as tiny shriveled aged elderly man (Sciretta, para. 2). Nonetheless, he lives like any normal man, as he grows younger and younger until he is a fully-grown person. Surprisingly, he dwindles to a young man and ultimately to an infant once again until he passes on in Daisy’s arms (Plowman, para.1). As a wizened geezer at the start of his weird life, Benjamin bumps into Daisy, a brilliant ballet dancer (Fisher, para. 3). Af ter some encounters, the two establish an instant connection, which cannot be said to be either creepy or paedophilic (Lipovetsky, para. 3). And, as they become of comparable physical age, they have a short passionate love affair. However, the contra-flow of time necessitates their separation and Benjamin departs. Eventually, when he shows up at twelve years of age, Daisy takes care of him until his death as an infant. The technical digital trickery that Fincher uses to create the characters in the film is definitely astounding. Fincher’s technical wizardry to increase the ages of the characters and also the way he makes them to look younger, in their teenage years, is extraordinary. Of particular mention is how Daisy is shown as an aged woman in a New Orleans hospital. The film’s director digitally tweaked Cate Blanchett’s skin so as to appear dissonantly smooth throughout the entire face, including the eyes. This is the same technique used for treating the ski ns of burns victims.Advertising Looking for critical writing on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The entire appearances of most of the actors’ skin have a metallic gloss. This makes them to look as though they can ring when tapped. The characters do not look as young people as such. They bear more resemblance to robot-replicants from Planet West world. Thus, this is the major inconsistency evident in the movie. However, worth mentioning, the character with a real-looking appearance is that of Julia Ormond when he reads aloud from Benjamin’s diary. Fincher demonstrated good skills in directing the film. The director winds the clock in such a manner that the wearing ordeal has an indisputable story line, which is pleasant from the beginning until the movie culminates (McCarthy, para. 4). The film’s director added a dimension of delicacy to the movie making as it clearly stands on the shoulders of other films released during that time (Bradshaw, para. 2). Whereas he considers treating his viewers to a small number of grand, special-effect showpieces, the director places more attention in the creation of the actors. Most importantly, as described above, the appearance of his stars: Benjamin and Daisy (as adults). At one hundred and sixty-seven minutes and no, not in reverse time, there is no time wasted; each shot is jaw dropping. Although the movie was adapted from an earlier version of a book, its screenplay is very different since it is only its title, Benjamin’s name and several aspects of the aging process that are maintained in its production. The Curious Case of Benjamin Button is a well-made movie. The characters who participated in the story did their best. The filmmakers took no chances; they crammed each scene with detail. The century-bridging costumes developed by the production designer have are top-notch in effectively delivering the intended message. The filmmakers concentrated in shooting mainly deep focus images so as to make best use of information in each frame. In addition, it is important to note that the depth of the blacks they accomplish shooting on digital is astonishing. Thus, the film is worth watching especially for those who want to know the importance of the aging process. Works Cited Bradshaw, Peter. â€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.† Guardian.co.uk. Guardian News and Media Ltd, 6 Feb. 2009. Web. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/feb/06/benjamin-button-brad-pitt-cate-blanchettAdvertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Movie Review and Critique: The Curious Case of Benjamin Button specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ebert, Roger. â€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.† Rogerebert.com. Chicago Sun-Times, 23 Dec. 2008. Web. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081223/REVIEWS/812239995 Fisher, Jon athan. â€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.† Thefilmbrief.com. The Film Brief, 27 Dec. 2008. Web. http://www.thefilmbrief.com/2008/12/curious-case-of-benjamin-button.html Lipovetsky, Josh. â€Å"Curious Case of Benjamin Button – Essential Themes.† Film  Insight.net. The Film Insight, 3 Jan. 2009. Web. http://filminsight.net/2009/02/20/the-curious-case-of-benjamin-button-essential-themes/ McCarthy, Todd. â€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.† Variety.com. Reed Business Information, 2011. Web. http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117939098/ Plowman, Nick. â€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.† Fataculture. Film and Television Appreciation Culture, 3 Jan. 2009. Web. http://fataculture.wordpress.com/2009/01/03/review-the-curious-case-of-benjamin-button/ Sciretta, Peter. â€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Movie Trailer.†Ã‚  Slashfilm.com. 12 June 2008. Web. http://www.slashfilm.com/the-curious-case-of-benjamin-button-movie-tr ailer/ Scott, Anthony. â€Å"It’s the Age of a Child Who Grows From a Man.† Movies. The New York Times, 25 Dec. 2008. Web. http://movies.nytimes.com/2008/12/25/movies/25butt.htmlAdvertising Looking for critical writing on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This critical writing on Movie Review and Critique: The Curious Case of Benjamin Button was written and submitted by user Mario Cox to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Research Paper on Satellite Communications

Research Paper on Satellite Communications 1. Overview The role of satellite networks in global communications is growing at an unprecedented pace. From direct broadcast satellite (DBS) television, to satellite phones, to credit card transactions, to the Internet, corporations and consumers are embracing these new services and placing demands on bandwidth. With this demand have come expectations in terms of basic service costs, hardware costs, and ease-of-use. These expectations have forced the industry to examine its traditional ways of operating in order to make satellite services as accessible and convenient as its terrestrial competitors. Recent current events, such as the World Trade Center tragedy and its aftermath, have demonstrated our need for and how reliant we have become on communication medium. As the World Trade Center lay in ruins, also destroyed were a vast array of communication equipment from transmission antennae for radio and TV stations to switching equipment for phone service. Though throughout all this people were still able to communicate, TV and radio stations were still transmitting their signal. Much of this was a result of wireless and satellite technology. With this paper I plan to explain the ever-growing world of satellite communication. How it is changing the way we perform our daily tasks and how it has effected our lives in general. How different businesses have adapted to and the ways they have begun to utilize these new technologies. Furthermore, we will take a look at what new theories and technologies are on the horizon. How these could effect our lives. When and who is trying to implement them, and to what cost, monetarily and professionally. 2. Satellite Communication at a Glance From the late 1950s with the launches of Sputnik and Explorer I, satellites have become a growing part of our world. From various types of platforms many different applications are run through these satellites. Since the first commercial model launched into orbit in 1965, the communications satellite has become the linchpin of global communications. From modest beginnings the first satellite could only handle 240 voice transmissions at a time the technology has blossomed to the extent that satellites now carry about one third of the voice traffic between countries and essentially all the television signals between countries. The backbone of this system is the geosynchronous orbit satellite (GEO), these are large communication satellites placed in orbit roughly 36,000 kilometers above the same spot on the earth at all times. Because of this high orbit each satellite is able to see about one quarter of the earth, so only four or so are needed for global coverage. Drawbacks to these satellites are that due to the high altitude it takes a quarter of a second for signals to travel to and from the satellite, delaying the responses during a conversation. Also the higher altitude means a weaker signal so larger antennas are needed to maintain overall coverage. The next layers of satellites are middle earth orbit (MEO) and low earth orbit (LEO). MEO satellites are generally placed in orbits above 10,000 kilometers, while LEO satellites are generally below 1,500 kilometers. Of course now with the lower altitude the signals are stronger so antenna size can be reduced, but with this also comes less coverage so more satellites are required. In the case of the LEO satellites at least 50 are usually required for full global coverage. The reasoning behind the orbit spacing comes from the presence of the Van Allen Radiation Belt. Originally discovered by Explorer I, the Van Allen Belt is composed of energetic ionized particles, which could damage solar cells and perhaps other solid state components. The belt spans altitudes roughly between 1,500 and 10,000 kilometers, thus the spacing. VSAT, very small aperture terminal typically refers to a class of Earth stations with a small diameter in the range of 0.95 meters to 2.4 meters. The terminals have both transmit and receive capability. The majority of traditional VSAT users such as gas stations, convenience stores and banks selected the technology primarily to manage transaction-based applications point-of-sales credit authorization and inventory control. 3. Impact on Personal Life You can see the impact of satellite and wireless communications in everyday life as you take a walk down the street. People everywhere using cell phones, pagers, PDAs. We are becoming a society that is instantly accessible. Though even now the mobile phone penetration into the U.S. make stands at only 35% nationwide, compared to European penetration levels of 65%. Thus we are still only scratching the surface for the potential growth in this field. Another application changing our lives is the Internet. This is a technology basically still in its infancy. The Internet has brought many resources to within the fingertips of the population, such as research, publishing, government services, education, entertainment, shopping, and financial services including investments and banking. Though the largest of these resources now made available is e-mail. E-mail was the introductory item that helped users become more familiar with this new medium. As of 2000 e-mail has become a regular or routine part of everyday activity for 80% of all U.S. households. Though as more people start using these technologies and the types of data and files they transmit change, including graphic material and streaming video, the more strain is being put on the carrying capacity. With this information providers of these services now face the dilemma of how to increase their capacity. The answer seems to be through satellite, as in 1998 alone commercial satellite operations included 1,700 payload launches. Though satellites have had a tremendous effect on how we communicate with one another, one other aspect that they bring to the table is a quality of life issue. Many health and emergency response teams, including the American Red Cross have adopted satellite technology within their means of communication in times of trouble, especially in remote areas. In 1995, Hurricane Marilyn devastated communications in the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. The only reliable means of communication at the disposal of the American Red Cross was INMARSAT satellite technology. Satellite phones were used for voice and fax transmissions, as well as data transmissions and packet switching, primarily for disaster welfare inquiries and contacting people to let them know their relatives were okay. This was also the fact when Hurricane Floyd struck the United States. The Red Cross had to patch together a wide range of technologies, from plain phones to two-way radios to satellite phones. They also had to utilize different frequencies to get the necessary coverage required. As stated by Bob Bavis, director of administration for the American Red Cross, The damage was so widespread that nothing covered the whole region except satellite phones. The mixing of different technologies is nothing new to disaster relief efforts. Due to geographic location, and degree of devastation emergency workers have always had to patch together the best qualities of different technologies to provide coverage to troubled areas. The nature of satellite technology its mobility, ubiquity, and flexibility easily lends itself to humanitarian efforts. The help satellite technology provides in disaster relief isnt only limited to the hardware. Companies like Verizon Wireless, has formed a team called the significant event response team (SERT) to respond to emergency and relief agencies in the communities they serve. The team provides wireless phones to public safety agencies and local police and fire departments to help them coordinate emergency operations. Other ways companies are helping is with free airtime on satellite phones and allocation of satellite bandwidth capacity. 4. Impact on Industry Most industry in America has begun integrating wireless, and satellite technologies into their daily routines. This can be seen in everyday life as FedEx employees use wireless handheld devices to help track packages, and determine sender and receiver information to help organizations conduct business more efficiently. To Hertz car rental employees pulling up driver and car rental information in a parking lot, several hundred feet away from their stationary computers. One of the most notable impacts of satellite technology has been in the news media. Although the video images had been jittery, and the audio sometimes dropped off, CNNs use of a videophone in Afghanistan after the events of September 11th proved that content is the most important element in news. Though initially used as a backup to CNNs more traditional satellite trucks, the videophone stepped to the forefront as getting live pictures out of Afghanistan became more problematic. The Talking Head videophone is about the size of a laptop computer, though twice as deep, and costs roughly $20,000. It can be used with any telephone line, ISDN connection, or satellite phone. For reporting out of Afghanistan, CNN used the worldwide INMARSAT satellite service, which requires a dedicated phone and dish, also about the size of a briefcase. Englands 7E Communications Ltd., the manufacturer of the Talking Head videophone, originally developed a unit that could only transmit at 64 Kbps. This forced CNN to squeeze the picture down to a small insert. The rest of the field was then filled with additional information related to the story. 7E has since developed a way to add a second satellite phone to the compression package, which allows transmission at ISDN rates of 128 Kbps, effectively doubling the quality and allowing for full-frame images to be broadcast. CNN first began using the videophones in December 1999, when correspondent Nic Robertson used an earlier model to broadcast exclusive pictures and sound of a hijacking in Kandahar, Afghanistan. The videophone was also prominent when CNN broadcast the first live pictures of the 24-crew members released from the U.S. Navy spy plane in China when they landed on the Pacific Island of Guam. CNNs chief news executive Eason Jordan states the units are easy to use and due to its portability, allows the reporter in the field to broadcast live TV in a matter of seconds. Other fields of industry, not so prominent, have also benefited from advancements in satellite technology. With more than 80 land and offshore drilling rigs around the world, Helmerich Payne (HP), an energy-oriented company engaging in contract drilling, oil and gas exploration, and production worldwide, needed a way to link all of its facilities across a single, central network. The company leveraged solutions from several companies to build and deploy a high speed, satellite and terrestrial-based network that delivers real-time voice and data capabilities to all HP locations. Prior to establishing the satellite network, HP had utilized a dial-up network, coupled with cellular phones for voice communications. The cellular service along was costing the company more than $3,000 a month per rig. Motorola Multiservice Networks Division (MND), integration consulting group FDDI-AVD, and InterSat Communications worked with HP to design and implement a customized solution to expand its existing network, and deliver a high-speed satellite system to connect the companys rigs and offices. A network-in-a-box was developed by combining routers, satellite and servers into a single self-contained unit. The solution was designed around Motorola Vanguard multiservice network units, which enable the convergence of data, voice, and video, while laying the foundation for wireless/wireline integration. The Vanguard units provide HP with on-demand bandwidth to support a broad range of high-speed transmissions, featuring 247 reliability. A microwave and/or satellite network deployed on each rig and remote location connects the companys offshore drilling operations in the Gulf of Mexico with the Tulsa, Oklahoma home office. The network units also offer built-in data encryption and compression features, enabling the secure transmission of sensitive data around the world. By achieving fully integrated field connectivity, HP has improved the companys business operations, offering a host of added benefits, including seamless information exchange, synchronized reporting and reduced telecom costs. Customers on-site can also share the available bandwidth to securely connect with their own internal information systems. Real-time drilling data can also be delivered to the customers regional or headquarter offices, providing them with updated information on each days activities. Some banks are finding that using satellites for data transmission can improve network performance and cut costs as well as provide benefits in staff training and customer satisfaction. Most banks have relied on 56 Kbps landline frame relay services to carry data traffic to and from their branches. But a pronounced increase in traffic, fueled by the explosive growth in Internet-based applications, is increasing clogging these circuits and causing bottlenecks. When reviewing the systems employed by banks in Canada, it was determined that most banks transmit large volumes of data from head office to their branches while branches typically return considerably less data to head office. Telesat, the owner and operator of Canadas fleet of communication satellites, capitalized on this fact to employ a service that uses a high-speed satellite link to transmit data to the branches, and the existing 56 Kbps network then transmits data back to the head office. This service can deliver data speeds of up to 24 megabytes per second more than 400 times faster than a 56 Kbps system. The introduction of satellite technology has also given the banks the bandwidth to offer a comprehensive suite of services to their remote branches that typically lack high-speed landline services. For Canada Trust bank, the service has been utilized to train employees at branches across Canada. Sessions are held at a Toronto studio and broadcast live to 200-300 employees at a time. School systems have also had to beef up their networks to the point where they rival or exceed the capacity of many corporate networks, due to the explosive growth in student Internet usage. School systems around the country have deployed unlicensed wireless networks, tapped the bandwidth of cable television systems and even employed satellite service as a cheaper and more reliable alternative to local telephone companies. The utilization of satellites has also offered the possibility of connectivity to schools in remote areas where they do not always have access to multiple wire-line providers. The University of Alaska, in combination with Starband Communications Inc. has deployed a VSAT satellite service to link 25 communities throughout the state. This deployment was initially designed to test speed and latency, as well as the toll the harsh Alaskan climate takes on performance. 5. Future Developments The telecommunications industry is going to see more technological change in the next five years than it has seen in the past 95 years. Five vital technologies that will contribute to these monumental changes are: Optical transmission Satellite communication Wireless and mobile communication devices Broadband digital technologies Internet resources Each one of these enhanced communication capabilities creates enormous moneymaking opportunities, as well as improvements in cost, speed, quality, and convenience for consumers. Satellite receivers initially were prohibitively expensive, beyond most consumers reach, and the antennas required for receiving signals were so large and unsightly that local governments and homeowner associations barred them from residential property use. Now, dishes measuring about three feet in diameter can be purchased for mere hundreds of dollars. As satellite services continue to improve there will be more encouragement for widespread use of wireless communication. Future advancements in global satellite cellular phone systems seem to be targeting one potential customer the business traveler. Within the business traveler there are two potential markets. First, for those from the developed world who do business in less developed countries where the local phone service may be unreliable, and second, those who need mobile communications in their own countries but travel beyond the reach of terrestrial cellular systems. Several different systems were proposed to handle this project. Two major U.S. based projects are Iridium, a joint venture between Motorola, Lockheed Martin, and Raytheon, and Globalstar, a joint venture between Loral Space and Communications, and Qualcomm. The Iridium plan calls for 66 satellites to be launched in six equally spaced orbital planes at an altitude of 780 kilometers. Services to be provided include voice, data at 2.4 kilobits per second and paging. The Iridium voice connection is more robust than other proposed systems, due to the fact that Motorola requires that the handheld unit be usable from inside a vehicle. The complexity of the Iridium system arises from the fact that the satellites are designed to communicate not only with the earth stations but also with each other. This cross-linking of satellites allows the system to use fewer ground stations, thus preventing signal blockage from buildings, trees, and other obstructions. To assure that traffic is routed properly, each satellite carries a set of routing tables from which new routing instructions are chosen every few minutes. The Globalstar venture, like Iridium, will be based on low earth orbit satellites. Though Globalstar will not employ cross-links between satellites. This means that for a subscriber to gain access a satellite in view would also have to be in view of a ground station. So to achieve global coverage approximately 200 earth stations would have to be constructed. For this reason Globalstar is being targeted more towards business travelers in a single country. The Globalstar system will employ 48 satellites organized in eight planes of six satellites each. The satellite orbits will be circular, at 1,414 kilometers and an inclination of 52 degrees with respect to the equator. The use of an inclined orbit concentrates the available satellite capacity at lower latitudes, where the largest populations exist; little or no coverage is provided beyond 70 degrees latitude in either hemisphere. Deregulation of the telecommunications industry in various developed countries is speeding the delivery of new services and prompting the investment of enormous amounts of capital in new facilities. A key factor in this is the explosion of the Internet. To serve this new market, many new satellite systems are planned, but due to the congestion of the frequencies currently being used for fixed satellite systems, these systems will operate in a higher range of frequencies, known as Ku-band. Though much work is still to be done in this area, as one major drawback to Ku-band, whose wavelength encompasses between one and 1.5 centimeters, is the signal is significantly attenuated by rain. For this reason, the use of Ku-band was confined until recently to use in just a small number of experimental satellites. Now U.S. communications regulators are considering an orbital scheme for broadband Internet users via Ku-band satellites that avoids interference with geostationary communications satellites in the same frequency bands by moving the spacecraft into elliptical orbits, phased to give them the longest hang time over the biggest markets. This approach should effectively double the capacity of near-Earth space to handle broadband satellite communications. One company behind this approach is Virtual Geosatellite, under their plan 15 satellites would occupy separate elliptical orbits measuring about 320 miles high at perigee and almost 17,000 miles high at agopee. With each orbit taking about 8 hours. Virtual GEO calculates it could get about 5 hours of operating time per orbit as the satellites approach and leave apogee. The Virtual GEO constellation would also be offset from GEO satellites by at least 40 degrees, relative to the equator. At that angle of separation, the satellites would not interfere with GEO spacecraft in the same frequency. 6. Advancement, but at What Cost While many companies are looking to the future to see what advancements they can develop to their niche in the communications market. The hard reality is that there is only so much money available to fund the research and develop the needed hardware. This combined with the fact that, in most cases, several companies or alliances are competing for the same piece of the market will cause some to be left behind, no matter whose technology scheme might be better. One case in point is the Iridium project, the joint venture between Motorola, Lockheed Martin, and Raytheon, who declared bankruptcy in 1999. The project, with a projected cost of $3.4 billion, failed to catch on with consumers. Major reasons being people unwilling to spend approximately $3,000 per unit and up to $7 per minute of airtime. These costs were astronomical to the consumer in an era when ordinary cellular telephone networks rapidly expanding. At the time of the bankruptcy filing, Iridium and its affiliates collectively owed creditors more than $1 billion. If itÐ ±Ã ¶s a risky venture, then why are so many companies spending tremendous amounts of money to try to stay ahead of the field. One simple reason, the potential profit is enormous. Annual revenues from telephone services, high-speed Internet access, and imaging generated by satellites are expected to reach $150 billion by 2008, according to the International Space Business Council. Conclusion As we have seen, satellites have had a major impact on our lives, in both personal areas and in industry. The technology has proven its versatility versus other communication formats with its ability to provide service to areas on the globe that are virtual inaccessible to most others technologies. This function has proven to be instrumental in assisting communities in times of strife and has also helped companies establish better information links with their facilities in more remote areas. As the communications market continues to grow at an astronomical rate, the main focus of the industry will be on how improvements can be made in cost, speed, quality, and convenience for consumers. While satellites have been a leading force in providing solutions in these areas, such as the reduction in size of receiver antennas to three feet or less making installation and usage much easier on the customer. The element that will be key to the future is the ability to give access to remote areas around the globe. While in the United States has many systems, especially fiber optic networks, global telecommunication, in many areas, lacks the internal infrastructure to support even the most basic of telephony services. Satellites are an excellent method to establish access to areas with poor terrestrial infrastructures where capacity is either not available or is cost prohibitive. The Internet is another area where satellites can be utilized to provide increased and enhanced service. While now the majority of Internet content resides in the United States, in the very near future increased amounts of content will originate from Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America. Also, the inherent broadcast architecture of satellites makes connectivity highly attractive to Internet service providers (ISP) who are experiencing bottlenecks and network management difficulties due to the exponential demand for bandwidth. As content providers look to push more audio, video, and animation over the Web, satellites may enjoy a unique advantage in the area of webcasting. While satellites enjoy increased accessibility to areas around the world, fiber optics enjoy a much greater capacity and speed potential. Where available future systems should look to mesh these two technologies together. Though meshing these two technologies together would require the development of gateways capable of optimizing the inherent benefits of each, while addressing the differences between the two. The major issue to be addressed will be accommodating the delay or latency due to the slower speeds by satellite, this will cause packets arriving at the fiber network to be dropped.

Power of E-Commerce over Traditional Mall Shopping POWER OF E-COMMERCE OVER TRADITIONAL MALL SHOPPING

i.Most people with different ages can easily browse the internet for several reasons; however, the online shopping considered being one of the most amazing motives. Internet revolution and growing of online marketing shifted most of consumers’ preferences to rely on online shopping instead of the usual traditional mall shopping especially when it comes to convenience, easiness, and globalization. ii.Convenience a.Convenience is the key motivation for most online shoppers. Save gas & time during shopping. Also, online store never close! b.Life is busy! Going for shopping malls is a hassle. It is difficult to compare prices as well as rigid working hours. iii.Easiness a. When it comes to people with special need, such as older or handicapped, they might suffer while driving, parking, and walking to the targeted store, or they will ask for assistance during shopping. Extra merits go to online shopping, such as future reordering, which is allowing customers to place the same previous order over and over again. Also, since all purchasing is processed electronically, all transactions and receipts will be emailed to the customer, so there is no need to worry about losing receipts ever again. On the other hand, most stores will never accept to return and/or exchange without receipts. Unlike the boring approach of waiting in long lines to checkout or dealing with customer service in the retail shops (mainly during holidays and special occasions), the online stores are always ready to check a customer out whenever he/she is ready. When it comes to globalization, online shopping broadened the market to be between customers’ hands and makes shopping available for everyone. Nowadays, anyone can shop from foreign stores outside USA, such as European, Asian, or just any online store in the world. A person can shop and ship the desirable item(s) witho ut obstacles right to his/her door using reasonable shipping methods and rates. In fact, traditional stores do not have the ability to bring something from outside of the country. Stores, no matter how luxurious they are, they are still local stores. Definitely, the United States keeps theFrench Revolution : The Main Effect Of Enlightenment Ideas... France in Middle Ages era was ruled by the arbitrary monarch. Besides the king, the clergy and the nobility, which were the officials of the church and the group of aristocrats respectively, had supreme power than the society. In the way it ran, there were many problems in the social and economic section, such as poverty and taxation issues. Thus, French Revolution is one of the turning points of French public life. It is popular with the slogan â€Å"liberty, equality and fraternity† that brought French to be a new revolutionary country. While many people are still arguing whether French Revolution is the main effect of the Enlig htenment ideas emergence or social economic disruption, I will argue that this revolution was an ultimate outcome of the social and economics disarray by looking at the details of foreign and internal aspects. To begin with, the French production method that outdated towards other countries, predominantly turned into the root of the French Revolution. As in 1789, French economy laid on peasants and artisans (Soboul 1974, p. 27). At the same time, there were many developments of overseas trade and big industries in other parts of the world, especially Britain, which was France’s rival to achieve the authority in Europe. As a result, the French economic agents intended to transform their approach, as it happened in Britain. In fact, France just responsive to modernize in the transportation and communication section. It seemed less willing to change the